Do You Think Advertising to Children Should Be Banned Essay Example for Free

Do You Think Advertising to Children Should Be Banned Essay Do you think advertising to children should be banned? Why or why not? It is an established fact that companies might benefit from right understanding of the children’s role in purchasing process. It is considered to be the case adults are loyal to those brands which they are used to enjoy in their childhood. Moreover, getting elder, children may influence their parents quite deeply. Parents tend to work more and earn more to make up the deficiency of the time to spend with their children by making some purchases. Thus, effective advertising addressed to the young audience is in the interests of manufactures. Due to a possible harmful effect on children advertising is the subject of wide speculation: whether it should be banned or not. It is important to find out which groups of children run the risk. Many researches describing human socialization’s process divide it in several similar stages (Table 1). This division is very relative, but not devoid of sense. The summarized stage from birth to 2 years is not significant for consideration due to lack of ability to distinguish between commercials and other TV programs which appears in the second stage (2 – 6 years). In this stage, children don’t tend to deconstruct contradictions in their opinions and are not able to tend difference between their own belief and another point of view thrust on them. At the age of 6 – 8, children are aware of existence of opinions which may differ from their own beliefs, but do not exhibit the ability to actually think from another person’s perspective. At the fourth stage (9 – 10 years), children are able to accept another point of view, but are not able to consider situations as an impartial side. Children at this stage are able to understand advertising intent and recognize bias in advertising. However, they have no defenses against advertising. At the final stage (since 11 years), teenagers are able to set up hypotheses and take into account all possible options. They have already got some knowledge of advertising tactics and appeals. As evident from this analysis, the most defenseless element here is children aged by eight. However, they are allowed to make just a simple consumer choice and strictly limited financial resources. As for elder children, they have more substantial financial recourses and considerable freedom. Besides, they may influence parents’ choice in areas such as electronic devices etc. Some people argue for ban against advertising. Nevertheless, there are some refutations of necessity to ban it. For example, younger children rely in their choice most on in-store experience rather than information introduced by adds. As for teenagers, they tend to use alternative sources of information, parental advice or peers’ opinions. Most researchers believe that some people have not got the certain characteristics of the final stage even during adulthood. The question arises as to not just advertising to children, but advertising to everyone. In my opinion, the most reasonable way is to control (or even ban in certain cases) advertising of goods such as cigarettes, alcohol and non-nutritious foods.

The Car Industry :: Automotive Industry

The Automotive Industry In the U.S., the 2007 market was approximately 15.9 million cars and light trucks sold, down from about 16.5 million the previous year. Production in North America, during 2006, including cars and trucks of all types, totaled 11.8 million produced in America, 2.6 million produced in Canada and 2 million produced in Mexico. Globally, about 53 million new cars were sold in 2007, up from about 49 million the previous year. These estimates are from Scotiabank Group. There are approximately 244 million vehicles in operation in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007. By 2020, that number will reach 1 billion. Currently, those vehicles burn nearly 260 billion gallons of fuel yearly. In the U.S., as of 2006, the industry included about 21,200 new-car dealerships, 1.07 million manufacturing employees and 1.12 million retail new and used car dealership employees. Total revenues at new-car and light truck dealers exceed $675 billion, according to NADA. The years of 2004 through 2006 will long be remembered as a pivotal period in the automobile industry. It was a period during which high gasoline prices started a sea change among U.S. consumers that is finally creating significant demand for fuel-efficient vehicles. Gasoline prices of approximately $2.00 per gallon started taking a huge bite out of family budgets in 2004, and many middle-class consumers who owned fuel guzzling SUVs and pickup trucks began to wish they had vehicles that were much less expensive to operate. By 2005-2006, with gasoline prices in the $3.00 range, the party was over for traditional, large SUVs. While gasoline prices moderated during much of 2007, they were still in the $2.70 range in most markets. One result was the phenomenal demand for Toyota's Prius hybrid car. Toyota responded by raising the price and planning production increases. Meanwhile, Toyota made investments in its Georgetown, Kentucky plant to enable it to manufacture 48,000 hybrid Camrys yearly there by late 2006Ââ€"Toyota will likely wish it had created even more hybrid capacity. Meanwhile, there has been good demand for Toyota's Lexus RX400h hybrid crossover. Ford launched its first hybrids, and other carmakers, including GM, were greatly encouraged in their own efforts to bring more hybrids to the market. However, response to hybrids from U.S. makers has been lukewarm at best. Consumers generally aren't as impressed with U.S. hybrid technology as they are with that of Toyota models, and actual mileage results on the road have been disappointing, largely due to driver habits such as quick acceleration which uses more fuel.

Responses to Question 1 and 4 on “Two Ways of Seeing a River” on page 481 of Model for Writers

1. The method of organization that Twain uses in this selection is time order because he described the way he saw and experienced the river in a sequence as they occurred. In addition, he stared an essay by telling an event in the past and ended it in the present. That is the time order organization. He might have used the comparison and contrast method as the alternative methods because he compared two different ways of seeing the same river. The knowledge and the experience would have been gained or lost. 4. Yes, Twain feels he has â€Å"gained most or lost most†. He has gained the knowledge and the experience when he looking at the river. At the first time he saw it, he was inspired by its calmness, its smoothness and its beauty. However, after lots of time looking at that river, he became less impressed in it. While he lost his emotional connection to the river, he lost the connectedness of it to his live. That’s what he has lost. Reponses to Question 1 through 6 on â€Å"Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts† on page 493-494 of Model for Writers 1. In paragraph 10-12, Catton discusses what he considers to be the most striking contrast between Grant and Lee. That different is that while Lee saw himself defending only his region, a static society that did not want to change, Grant was fighting for a growing, expanding nation. In addition, Grant was â€Å"the modern man emerging,† while Lee stood for the past, for traditions that originated in the age of chivalry. . The similarities that Catton sees between Grant and Lee are tenacious, daring and resourceful. Most important, according to Catton believes, is that both of them had the ability to turn from war to peace because it helped the two sections to become one nation again. 3. 4. Catton organizes the body of his essay paragraph 3-16 by using time order and logical order pattern. He introduces the background of Grant and Lee and their view of soci ety by contrasting them. Then he uses transitional paragraph from contrast to comparison. 5. 6. Catton constructs clear transitions between paragraphs. The transitional devices he uses are using comparison and contrast words to link the paragraphs (yet, on the other hand), using addition words such as furthermore, and, and using time transition (lastly). Because of these transitions, they help me read easily to know the main idea of the whole essay and to join the various parts of an essay together.

Strickland v. Washington Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact

In Strickland v. Washington (1986) the U.S. Supreme Court designed standards for determining when an attorney’s assistance has been so ineffective that it creates a violation of the Sixth Amendment. Fast Facts: Strickland v. Washington Case Argued: January 10, 1984Decision Issued: May 14, 1984Petitioner: Charles E. Strickland, Superintendent, Florida State PrisonRespondent: David Leroy WashingtonKey Questions: Is there a standard for courts to use when evaluating claims of ineffective counsel?Majority Decision: Justices Burger, Brennan, White, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist Stevens, O’ConnorDissenting: Justice Thurgood MarshallRuling: David Washingtons attorney provided effective assistance, in accordance with Sixth Amendment requirements. In order to prove ineffective assistance, a defendant must show that his or her attorney’s performance was deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced the defense so much that it changed the outcome of the legal proceeding. Facts of the Case David Washington participated in a 10-day crime spree that included three stabbings, burglary, assault, kidnapping, torture, attempted extortion, and theft. He was indicted for three counts of first-degree murder and multiple counts of kidnapping and robbery in the state of Florida. Washington confessed to two murders against his counsel’s advice. He waived his right to a jury trial and plead guilty to all charges against him, including three counts of murder in which he could receive capital punishment. At his plea hearing, Washington told the judge he had committed the burglaries, which escalated to more serious crimes, while under extreme financial stress. He said he had no prior record. The judge told Washington he had a great deal of respect for people who are willing to admit responsibility. At the sentencing hearing, Washington’s attorney chose not to present any character witnesses. He did not order a psychiatric evaluation of his client. The judge sentenced Washington to death, finding no mitigating circumstances to decide otherwise. Washington eventually filed a writ of habeas corpus in a Florida federal district court. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed, remanding the case down to district court to determine whether or not a â€Å"totality of the circumstances† suggested Washington’s counsel had been ineffective. The Supreme Court granted certiorari. Arguments Washington argued that his counsel failed to conduct a proper investigation leading up to the sentencing hearing. This left his attorney unable to offer evidence during the hearing, damaging Washingtons overall defense. In oral arguments, the attorney before the Supreme Court argued that any standard for deciding whether counsel has been â€Å"reasonably competent† should take into account whether or not counsels failure to offer adequate assistance harmed the defense. The state of Florida argued that the Court should consider the overall fairness of the trial and whether or not the attorney acted out of prejudice. While Washington’s attorney may not have done everything perfectly, he did what he believed was in the best interest of his client, the state argued. Additionally, the actions of Washington’s attorney did not alter the fundamental fairness of the sentencing proceeding; even if the attorney had acted differently, the outcome would have been similar. Constitutional Issues How can a court determine when an attorney has been so ineffective in providing advice that a defendants Sixth Amendment right to counsel was violated? Majority Opinion Justice Sandra Day O’Connor delivered the 8-1 decision.  The Sixth Amendment right to counsel exists to ensure a fair trial, Justice OConnor wrote. Having an attorney physically present is not enough to satisfy the Sixth Amendment; the attorney must offer effective assistance to their client. If the defendants counsel fails to offer adequate legal assistance, it jeopardizes the defendants Sixth Amendment right to counsel and a fair trial. Justice OConnor, on behalf of the majority, developed a standard for determining whether an attorney’s conduct â€Å"fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.† The defendant must prove: Counsel’s performance was deficient. The attorney’s errors were so serious that they prevented the attorney from fulfilling their duty under the Sixth Amendment.Counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense. The attorney’s actions harmed the defense so badly that it altered the outcome of the trial, depriving the defendant of their right to a fair trial. Justice OConnor wrote: The defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsels unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. After detailing the standard itself, Justice OConnor turned to Washingtons case. Washingtons attorney strategically chose to focus on his clients sense of remorse because he knew the judge might be sympathetic to it. In light of the seriousness of the crimes, Justice OConnor concluded that there was no proof additional evidence would have changed the outcome of the sentencing hearing. Here is a double failure, she wrote, noting that Washington could not succeed under either component of the Courts standard. Dissenting Opinion Justice Thurgood Marshall dissented. He argued that the majoritys standard was too malleable and could have no grip at all or allow excessive variation. Justice Marshall pointed out the fact that terms like reasonable were not defined in the opinion, creating uncertainty. He also argued that the Court had discounted the importance of mitigating evidence like character witnesses at sentencing hearings. Washingtons attorney had not given his client effective assistance and he deserved a second sentencing hearing, Justice Marshall wrote. Justice William J. Brennan dissented, in part, because he believed Washington’s death sentence violated the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment. Impact Washington was executed in July 1984, two months after the Supreme Court handed down its decision. He had exhausted all avenues of appeal. The Strickland standard was a compromise which sought to create a middle ground between more extreme and more relaxed state and federal standards for ineffectiveness claims. Two decades after the decision, Justice O’Connor called for the Strickland standard to be revisited. She noted that the standards did not account for outside factors, such as partisan judges and lack of legal aid that could contribute to ineffective counsel under the Sixth Amendment.  The Strickland standard was applied as recently as 2010 in Padilla v. Kentucky. Sources Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).Kastenberg, Joshua. â€Å"Nearly Thirty Years: The Burger Court, Strickland v. Washington, and the Parameters of the Right to Counsel.†Ã‚  The Journal of Appellate Practice and Process, vol. 14, no. 2, 2013, pp. 215–265., https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id3100510.White, Lisa. â€Å"Strickland v. Washington: Justice OConnor Revisits Landmark Legislation.†Ã‚  Strickland v. Washington (January-February 2008) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin, https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/08012/oconnor.html.